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Writing programming interview questions hasn't made me rich yet ... so I might give up and start trading Apple stocks all day instead.

First, I wanna know how much money I could have made yesterday if I'd been trading Apple stocks all day.

So I grabbed Apple's stock prices from yesterday and put them in an array called stock_prices, where:

• The indices are the time (in minutes) past trade opening time, which was 9:30am local time.
• The values are the price (in US dollars) of one share of Apple stock at that time.

So if the stock cost $500 at 10:30am, that means stock_prices[60] = 500. Write an efficient method that takes stock_prices and returns the best profit I could have made from one purchase and one sale of one share of Apple stock yesterday. For example: stock_prices = [10, 7, 5, 8, 11, 9] get_max_profit(stock_prices) # returns 6 (buying for$5 and selling for $11) No "shorting"—you need to buy before you can sell. Also, you can't buy and sell in the same time step—at least 1 minute has to pass. You can't just take the difference between the highest price and the lowest price, because the highest price might come before the lowest price. And you have to buy before you can sell. What if the price goes down all day? In that case, the best profit will be negative. You can do this in time and space! To start, try writing an example value for stock_prices and finding the maximum profit "by hand." What's your process for figuring out the maximum profit? The brute force approach would be to try every pair of times (treating the earlier time as the buy time and the later time as the sell time) and see which one is higher. def get_max_profit(stock_prices) max_profit = 0 # Go through every time. (0...stock_prices.length).each do |outer_time| # For every time, go through every other time. (0...stock_prices.length).each do |inner_time| # For each pair, find the earlier and later times... earlier_time = [outer_time, inner_time].min later_time = [outer_time, inner_time].max # ...and use those to find the earlier and later prices. earlier_price = stock_prices[earlier_time] later_price = stock_prices[later_time] # See what our profit would be if we bought at the # earlier price and sold at the later price. potential_profit = later_price - earlier_price # Update max_profit if we can do better. max_profit = [max_profit, potential_profit].max end end max_profit end But that will take time, since we have two nested loops—for every time, we're going through every other time. Also, it's not correct: we won't ever report a negative profit! Can we do better? Well, we’re doing a lot of extra work. We’re looking at every pair twice. We know we have to buy before we sell, so in our inner for loop we could just look at every price after the price in our outer for loop. That could look like this: def get_max_profit(stock_prices) max_profit = 0 # Go through every price (with its index as the time)... stock_prices.each_with_index do |earlier_price, earlier_time| # ...and go through all the LATER prices. (stock_prices[earlier_time + 1..-1]).each do |later_price| # See what our profit would be if we bought at the # earlier price and sold at the later price. potential_profit = later_price - earlier_price # Update max_profit if we can do better. max_profit = [max_profit, potential_profit].max end end max_profit end What’s our runtime now? Well, our outer for loop goes through all the times and prices, but our inner for loop goes through one fewer price each time. So our total number of steps is the sum n + (n - 1) + (n - 2) ... + 2 + 1, which is still time. We can do better! If we're going to do better than , we're probably going to do it in either or . comes up in sorting and searching algorithms where we're recursively cutting the array in half. It's not obvious that we can save time by cutting the array in half here. Let's first see how well we can do by looping through the array only once. Since we're trying to loop through the array once, let's use a greedy approach, where we keep a running max_profit until we reach the end. We'll start our max_profit at$0. As we're iterating, how do we know if we've found a new max_profit?

At each iteration, our max_profit is either:

1. the same as the max_profit at the last time step, or
2. the max profit we can get by selling at the current_price

How do we know when we have case (2)?

The max profit we can get by selling at the current_price is simply the difference between the current_price and the min_price from earlier in the day. If this difference is greater than the current max_profit, we have a new max_profit.

So for every price, we’ll need to:

• keep track of the lowest price we’ve seen so far
• see if we can get a better profit

Here’s one possible solution:

def get_max_profit(stock_prices) min_price = stock_prices[0] max_profit = 0 stock_prices.each do |current_price| # Ensure min_price is the lowest price we've seen so far. min_price = [min_price, current_price].min # See what our profit would be if we bought at the # min price and sold at the current price. potential_profit = current_price - min_price # Update max_profit if we can do better. max_profit = [max_profit, potential_profit].max end max_profit end

We’re finding the max profit with one pass and constant space!

Are we done? Let’s think about some edge cases. What if the price stays the same? What if the price goes down all day?

If the price doesn't change, the max possible profit is 0. Our method will correctly return that. So we're good.

But if the value goes down all day, we’re in trouble. Our method would return 0, but there’s no way we could break even if the price always goes down.

How can we handle this?

Well, what are our options? Leaving our method as it is and just returning zero is not a reasonable option—we wouldn't know if our best profit was negative or actually zero, so we'd be losing information. Two reasonable options could be:

1. return a negative profit. “What’s the least badly we could have done?”
2. raise an exception. “We should not have purchased stocks yesterday!”

In this case, it’s probably best to go with option (1). The advantages of returning a negative profit are:

• We more accurately answer the challenge. If profit is "revenue minus expenses", we’re returning the best we could have done.
• It's less opinionated. We'll leave decisions up to our method’s users. It would be easy to wrap our method in a helper method to decide if it’s worth making a purchase.
• We allow ourselves to collect better data. It matters if we would have lost money, and it matters how much we would have lost. If we’re trying to get rich, we’ll probably care about those numbers.

How can we adjust our method to return a negative profit if we can only lose money? Initializing max_profit to 0 won’t work...

Well, we started our min_price at the first price, so let’s start our max_profit at the first profit we could get—if we buy at the first time and sell at the second time.

min_price = stock_prices[0] max_profit = stock_prices[1] - stock_prices[0]

But we have the potential for reading nil values here, if stock_prices has fewer than 2 prices.

We do want to raise an exception in that case, since profit requires buying and selling, which we can't do with less than 2 prices. So, let's explicitly check for this case and handle it:

if stock_prices.length < 2 raise ArgumentError, 'Getting a profit requires at least 2 prices' end min_price = stock_prices[0] max_profit = stock_prices[1] - stock_prices[0]

Ok, does that work?

No! max_profit is still always 0. What’s happening?

If the price always goes down, min_price is always set to the current_price. So current_price - min_price comes out to 0, which of course will always be greater than a negative profit.

When we’re calculating the max_profit, we need to make sure we never have a case where we try both buying and selling stocks at the current_price.

To make sure we’re always buying at an earlier price, never the current_price, let’s switch the order around so we calculate max_profit before we update min_price.

We'll also need to pay special attention to time 0. Make sure we don't try to buy and sell at time 0.

We’ll greedily walk through the array to track the max profit and lowest price so far.

For every price, we check if:

• we can get a better profit by buying at min_price and selling at the current_price
• we have a new min_price

To start, we initialize:

1. min_price as the first price of the day
2. max_profit as the first profit we could get

We decided to return a negative profit if the price decreases all day and we can't make any money. We could have raised an exception instead, but returning the negative profit is cleaner, makes our method less opinionated, and ensures we don't lose information.

def get_max_profit(stock_prices) if stock_prices.length < 2 raise ArgumentError, 'Getting a profit requires at least 2 prices' end # We'll greedily update min_price and max_profit, so we initialize # them to the first price and the first possible profit. min_price = stock_prices[0] max_profit = stock_prices[1] - stock_prices[0] stock_prices.each_with_index do |current_price, index| # Skip the first time, since we already used it # when we initialized min_price and max_profit. next if index.zero? # See what our profit would be if we bought at the # min price and sold at the current price. potential_profit = current_price - min_price # Update max_profit if we can do better. max_profit = [max_profit, potential_profit].max # Update min_price so it's always # the lowest price we've seen so far. min_price = [min_price, current_price].min end max_profit end

time and space. We only loop through the array once.

This one's a good example of the greedy approach in action. Greedy approaches are great because they're fast (usually just one pass through the input). But they don't work for every problem.

How do you know if a problem will lend itself to a greedy approach? Best bet is to try it out and see if it works. Trying out a greedy approach should be one of the first ways you try to break down a new question.

To try it on a new problem, start by asking yourself:

"Suppose we could come up with the answer in one pass through the input, by simply updating the 'best answer so far' as we went. What additional values would we need to keep updated as we looked at each item in our input, in order to be able to update the 'best answer so far' in constant time?"

In this case:

The "best answer so far" is, of course, the max profit that we can get based on the prices we've seen so far.

The "additional value" is the minimum price we've seen so far. If we keep that updated, we can use it to calculate the new max profit so far in constant time. The max profit is the larger of:

1. The previous max profit
2. The max profit we can get by selling now (the current price minus the minimum price seen so far)

Try applying this greedy methodology to future questions.

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